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John MacHale
John MacHale〔The spelling MacHale is adopted by the ''Catholic Hierarchy'' site, and his biographer.〕 (;〔The original publication of MacHale's translation of the ''Iliad'' gave his name as ''"Seághan, Árd-Easbog Túama"'' ''(sic)'', i.e. "John, Archbishop of Tuam.() In later contexts, MacHale's name is usually given as ''Seán Mac Héil'' or ''Seán Mac hÉil''. A 1981 reprint of MacHale's translation of the ''Iliad'', ''Íliad Hóiméar, leabhair I-VIII'', gives his name as ''Seán Mac Héil''.() Áine Ní Cheanainn's ''Leon an Iarthair : aistí ar Sheán Mac Héil, Ardeaspag Thuama, 1834–1881'' (1983) also uses ''Seán Mac Héil''.() However, Peter A. Maguire's "Language and Landscape in the Connemara Gaeltacht" in the ''Journal of Modern Literature'' (26.1, Fall 2002, pp. 99–107) uses ''Seághan Mac Éil'' and the name is also given as ''Eoin Mac Héil'' by some sources.()〕 6 March 1789 in Tubbernavine, County Mayo, Ireland – 7 November 1881 in Tuam, County Galway, Ireland) was the Irish Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam, and Irish nationalist.
He laboured and wrote to secure Catholic Emancipation, legislative independence, justice for tenants and the poor, and vigorously assailed the proselytizers and the government's proposal for a mix-faith national school system. He preached regularly to his flock in Irish and ‘almost alone among the Bishops he advocated the use of Irish by the Catholic clergy.’〔 Tomás Ó hAilín, 'Irish Revival Movements' in Brian Ó Cuív, ''A View of the Irish Language'', p. 94.〕
==Childhood==
John MacHale was born in Tubbernavine, County Mayo, Ireland. Bernard O'Reilly places the date in the spring of 1791,〔(O'Reilly, Bernard. ''John MacHale, Archbishop of Tuam'', Vol.1, Fr. Pustet & Co., New York, 1890 )〕 while others suggest 1789 more likely.〔 His parents were Patrick and Mary Mulkieran MacHale. He was so feeble at birth that he was baptised at home by Father Andrew Conry, who later was hanged during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. His father, known locally as ''Padrig Mor'', was a farmer, whose house served as a wayside inn on the highroad between Sligo and Castlebar. Although Irish was always spoken by the peasants at that time, the MacHale children were all taught English. John's grandmother, however, encouraged him to retain his knowledge of Irish.
By the time he was five years of age, he began attending a hedge school.〔(Hamrock, Ivor. "Most Rev. Dr. John MacHale, Archbishop of Tuam", Leabharlann Chontae Mhaaigh Eo )〕 Three important events happened during John's childhood: the Irish Rebellion of 1798; the landing at Killala of French troops, whom the boy, hidden in a stacked sheaf of flax, watched marching through a mountain pass to Castlebar; and a few months later the brutal execution of Father Conroy on a false charge of high treason. These occurrences made an indelible impression upon him.〔 After school hours he studied Irish history, under the guidance of an old scholar in the neighbourhood. Being destined for the priesthood, at the age of thirteen, the boy was sent to a school at Castlebar to learn Latin, Greek, and English grammar.〔 In his sixteenth year the Bishop of Killala gave him a busarship at St Patrick's College, Maynooth at Maynooth.
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